Gregor Mendel The Father Of Genetics . In This Paper I

Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics In this paper I will be talking about Gregor Johann Mendel, who revolutionized the way we think about DNA, heredity, and of course genetics. His early life, discovers, and education will be talked about in this paper. His influence on biology will be mentioned in this paper as well. Gregor Johann Mendel was born into an Austrian family that had German descent in Hyncice, Austrian Empire. He was the son of Anton and Rosine Mendel. He had one older sister, Veronika, and one younger sister, Theresia. They lived and worked on a farm that the Mendel family had owned for at least 130 years. As a child, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping. Later, when he was a young man, he attended the†¦show more content†¦Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as a teacher of physics. He took the exam to become a certified teacher and failed the oral part again. He replaced Napp as the Abbot of the monastery in 1867. After he became the abbot of the monastery, he stopped with his science work and experiments because he was consumed with his responsible as the abbot, especially when he disputed with the civil government when they tried to impose special taxes on the religious institutions. Gregor Mendel conducted many experiments. He was inspired by his professors at the Palacky University in Olomouc, and his colleagues at the monastery to study variation in plants. C. F. Napp authorized Mendel for his investigation. Mendel conducted his studies in the monasteries 4.9 acres of experimental garden. Napp planted this garden originally. Unlike Nestler who studied hereditary traits in animals like sheep, Mendel focused on studying the hereditary traits of plants. After he initially experimented with pea plants, he settled on studying seven traits that seemed to inherit independently over other traits. Mendel focused on seed shape, which was angular or round. Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel experimented and tested some 28,000, most of those plants were pea plants. His studies showed that one in four pea plants had purebred recessive traits, two out of four were hybrid and one out the four were purebred dominant. These experimentsShow MoreRelatedThe Father Of Modern Genetics2 010 Words   |  9 PagesGregor Mendel, â€Å"The Father of Modern Genetics† Rough Draft I was intrigued when I came upon Gregor Mendel while searching for a Scientist to do this research paper on. His name was familiar to me from somewhere, but I had absolutely no idea who he was. This is what made me want to choose him. And I couldn’t have picked a better person to be honest, what this man did is fascinating. Known as the â€Å"father of modern genetics,† Gregor was able to redefine what we knew about genetics. His study of heredityRead MoreA Monk Of Science : The Father Of Genetics And The Founder Of Heredity Essay2116 Words   |  9 PagesMost people know of Gregor Johann Mendel as the Father of Genetics and the founder of heredity principles, however, in a different angle, he is a passionate and persistent boy who allows curiosity leads his life. Being born with a rather average background, Mendel does not let such factor to hinderance with his dream. With his dedication and the guidance of erudite professors, Mendel is able to conduct a research that changed history forever. According to Famous Scientists, Mendel is born on July 1822Read MoreTaft Hickman. Tripp Sanders. Biology. 31 January 2017.1147 Words   |  5 PagesTaft Hickman Tripp Sanders Biology 31 January 2017 Gregor Mendel Introduction Early Life Schooling Accomplishments Effects/Outcome of Conclusion Gregor Johann Mendel was a scientist and botanist born on July 22, 1822. At birth he was given the name Johann Mendel. He grew up on a family owned farm in Heinzendorf, Austria. In early years, young Mendel showed signs of being very intelligent. One of his teachers recommended he be sent to another school to further his learning. His parents, not havingRead MoreWhy The Bad Rap?1114 Words   |  5 Pagesmanipulate crops and herds to make their hardier and more substantial. GMOs are everywhere, they are not new, however the controversy surrounding them is. The idea that GMOs should be labeled for being GMOs is misleading, and not based in logic. Genetic modification, above all else, is a process that has been done by humans for hundreds of thousands of years. 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(dependant variable) What will you keep the same (the controlled variables) and how will you accomplish this? We will be measuring the growth rate of the collective for each species and phenotype. The independent variable will be the phenotypes within each species (ie White/Green amp; Dark Green, Green amp; Yellow). I plan to keep the amount of water at a constant by watering each individual with 5mL of water daily and preventing rain from affecting them. SunlightRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 PagesGreene - D#03529375 Lauren Kaminski - D#00724282 Stephanie Lopez - D#03452598 Terrance O’Connor - D#01683321 Abstract This report discusses Genetically Modified Organisms from the perspective of a pro and con standpoint. It will be up to the reader to determine what opinion or viewpoint in which they will have in regards to this subject. 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Friend Compare and Contrast Free Essays

A Friend His name Is If you ever met this Individual you would certainly have a good or bad impression of him. I’ve basically grown up with him. We attended the same school all from elementary through high school, grew up in the same neighborhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Friend Compare and Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now You could say that we both had a common thing. I’m not sure if meeting this person was a way to teach me a few things or not. I always wanted to think that him and I would get along and be good friends. Maybe that’s the reason why I have kept him my friend for so long. Now days he resides as my roommate, I don’t know if that session was a mistake or not. Time will tell or maybe it has already. His views are not like mine at all. We we’re brought up completely different as was taught under a Latin background and him†¦ Well, that’s a different story. I’ll explain about us: he and have completely different personalities, different and same friends and diverse ethics about education. Ill explain this through. For example, I believe that personality Is one If the main things that leads a relationship, even Just as friends. When you think of someone you want to be friends with you think of the same things you might share with that person. To me, personality is one of the main ones. When I met Matt I was in 4th grade, a young child, you could say. I didn’t really know much about how a person should be or how he should act as I was Just growing up. He seemed Like an okay kid and since we lived In the same neighborhood and hung out with the same friends I decided to start talking to him to see how things went. At the beginning everything was Just dandy but as time progressed I started to notice him being a controlling, self-righteous individual. His personality was completely different than mine. I was always a caring person but he†¦ Was more off â€Å"me first, me second and me third† kind of guy. For example, we always used to play football at my house, a quick game of 5 on 5. This might seem silly but when I saw him tackle someone I always used to see how much of a better person he wanted to be than the one being tackled. I could see that he was trying to show the other how much of greater man he wa s. After he would tackle someone he would slap them and say something rude or racist. According to him†¦ Anyone that isn’t white isn’t anything at all. It might seem harsh to say but to me that’s what he comes off as. I’m the complete opposite. Sure I’m competitive too, but not to that level. If I was to beat someone at anything of course I would gloat and such but I would never demise that person to the point where the individual would feel less than me. It’s a passive personality, me, to a very aggressive one, him. I wasn’t the only one who would think about him this way, there were also our friends. Since Matt and I lived in the same neighborhood and went to the same school, we were bound to share the same friends. We were all group and till this day we still call ourselves â€Å"the farms boys†. Sharing the same friends brought upon me him talking Enid my back, and others too. Since we all always used to hang out with each other there wasn’t much I could do. I couldn’t Just leave him and the others behind, I wouldn’t have friends! But now I see that he was no friend at all. Some of my friends that were also buddies of him viewed him as I started too, mean. Sure the kid had his 1 OFF good clays Ana Dad out Nils Dad were a lot more tan Nils good MY Eternal Dalton won was also friends with him till this day thinks Matt Just thinks for himself. I agree completely. Although we shared the same friends, we treated them differently and vice-versa. The ones that would hang out with Matt the most, would view him as a superior you could say but still saw that aggressiveness in him. Now take in consideration this was all during out middle school phase where we were all trying to be â€Å"a cool kid†. He was the kid that could say one thing and turn everyone against you, at least everyone in the neighborhood. Even if it was Just a rumor, trying to fight your side to prove it wasn’t true was a pain. So as the saying goes â€Å"keep your friends close, but your enemies closer†. Don’t get me wrong. I don’t consider the kid an enemy Just a bad seed. Even when it came down to education, we would have completely different work ethics about it. Ever since middle school, Matt has always been on top of his school work. He rarely had to study because the material we were going over Just came easily to him. Not with me. I had to take my time and review, review and then review some more before I could even think about acing a test. Although he was a smart kid†¦ He always had a way to brag about how well he did in school, or how much better he was at this than me. While me on the other hand, when I did good on something I would maybe how him Just to get a sense that â€Å"him I’m better than him†. I know it sounds a little self righteous of me, but that’s how I felt. Mat’s work ethics when it came to school would never compare to mine. We had a test in our English class once and of course he got a better grade than me and Just boasted about it. While me, I kept quiet and was Just proud that I got what I deserved. It’s almost like he was trying to prove to me that he could beat me or anyone at whatever he tried. In this case it was education. When we took our Sat, I got a better score than him. His excuse was â€Å"l went out the ay before therefore I wasn’t at my fullest†. I didn’t understand why he couldn’t Just have said, â€Å"good Job man† or something along those lines. Although one thing that I have to admit is that him and I do have a very good habit of turning assignments in on time and doing pretty well on them. We both like to exceed ourselves on our work. That part of his work ethic is something I can compare to me in a good way. In a nutshell, my friend Matt is one of a kind. Him and I have our differences when it comes down to personality, friends and education†¦ Then again everyone has their differences. He has more of an â€Å"l own everything personality’, while mine is a caring and courteous one. We do share the same friends and treat them differently, he with a kingship attitude and I with a friendly one. While when it comes down to education we both share some same characteristics and attributes. We finish our work with a timely manner even if he Just gets out of bed the day of and finishes while I take a week to do it. Now, Matt resides as my roommate. For now, I think it was a huge idea taking this mini adventure with him but only time will tell if I am right. After all, not everyone is perfect. How to cite Friend Compare and Contrast, Papers

Since the United Nations partition of PALESTINE in Essay Example For Students

Since the United Nations partition of PALESTINE in Essay 1947 and theestablishment of the modern state of ISRAEL in 1948, there havebeen four major Arab-Israeli wars (1947-49, 1956, 1967, and1973) and numerous intermittent battles. Although Egypt andIsrael signed a peace treaty in 1979, hostility between Israeland the rest of its Arab neighbors, complicated by the demandsof Palestinian Arabs, continued into the 1980s. THE FIRST PALESTINE WAR (1947-49)The first war began as a civil conflict between PalestinianJews and Arabs following the United Nations recommendation ofNov. 29, 1947, to partition Palestine, then still underBritish mandate, into an Arab state and a Jewish state. Fighting quickly spread as Arab guerrillas attacked Jewishsettlements and communication links to prevent implementationof the UN plan. Jewish forces prevented seizure of most settlements, but Arabguerrillas, supported by the Transjordanian Arab Legion underthe command of British officers, besieged Jerusalem. By April,Haganah, the principal Jewish military group, seized theoffensive, scoring victories against the Arab Liberation Armyin northern Palestine, Jaffa, and Jerusalem. British militaryforces withdrew to Haifa; although officially neutral, somecommanders assisted one side or the other. After the British had departed and the state of Israel had beenestablished on May 15, 1948, under the premiership of DavidBEN-GURION, the Palestine Arab forces and foreign volunteerswere joined by regular armies of Transjordan (now the kingdomof JORDAN), IRAQ, LEBANON, and SYRIA, with token support fromSAUDI ARABIA. Efforts by the UN to halt the fighting wereunsuccessful until June 11, when a 4-week truce was declared. When the Arab states refused to renew the truce, ten more daysof fighting erupted. In that time Israel greatly extended thearea under its control and broke the siege of Jerusalem. Fighting on a smaller scale continued during the second UNtruce beginning in mid-July, and Israel acquired moreterritory, especially in Galilee and the Negev. By January1949, when the last battles ended, Israel had extended itsfrontiers by about 5,000 sq km (1,930 sq mi) beyond the 15,500sq km (4,983 sq mi) allocated to the Jewish state in the UNpartition resolution. It had also secured its independence. During 1949, armistice agreements were signed under UN auspicesbetween Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. Thearmistice frontiers were unofficial boundaries until 1967. SUEZ-SINAI WAR (1956)Border conflicts between Israel and the Arabs continued despiteprovisions in the 1949 armistice agreements for peacenegotiations. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs whohad left Israeli-held territory during the first warconcentrated in refugee camps along Israels frontiers andbecame a major source of friction when they infiltrated back totheir homes or attacked Israeli border settlements. A majortension point was the Egyptian-controlled GAZA STRIP, which wasused by Arab guerrillas for raids into southern Israel. Egypts blockade of Israeli shipping in the Suez Canal and Gulfof Aqaba intensified the hostilities. These escalating tensions converged with the SUEZ CRISIS causedby the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian presidentGamal NASSER. Great Britain and France strenuously objected toNassers policies, and a joint military campaign was plannedagainst Egypt with the understanding that Israel would take theinitiative by seizing the Sinai Peninsula. The war began onOct. 29, 1956, after an announcement that the armies of Egypt,Syria, and Jordan were to be integrated under the Egyptiancommander in chief. Israels Operation Kadesh, commanded byMoshe DAYAN, lasted less than a week; its forces reached theeastern bank of the Suez Canal in about 100 hours, seizing theGaza Strip and nearly all the Sinai Peninsula. The Sinaioperations were supplemented by an Anglo-French invasion ofEgypt on November 5, giving the allies control of the northernsector of the Suez Canal. .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 , .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .postImageUrl , .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 , .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7:hover , .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7:visited , .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7:active { border:0!important; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7:active , .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7 .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u66aa633a94cea85902564c37645919f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The First Impression EssayThe war was halted by a UN General Assembly resolution callingfor an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal of all occupyingforces from Egyptian territory. The General Assembly alsoestablished a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to replacethe allied troops on the Egyptian side of the borders in Suez,Sinai, and Gaza. By December 22 the last British and Frenchtroops had left Egypt. Israel, however, delayed withdrawal,insisting that it receive security guarantees against furtherEgyptian attack. After several additional UN resolutionscalling for withdrawal and after pressure from the UnitedStates, Israels forces left in March 1957. SIX-DAY WAR (1967)Relations between Israel and Egypt remained fairly stable inthe following decade. The Suez Canal remained closed toIsraeli shipping, the Arab boycott of Israel was maintained,and periodic border clashes occurred between Israel, Syria, andJordan. However, UNEF prevented direct military encountersbetween Egypt and Israel. By 1967 the Arab confrontation statesEgypt, Syria,

Letter to roommate please tell me what you think... free essay sample

Dear Roommate, Im Anna, 18 years old. I am from a small but wonderful country-Armenia. Me and my family live in the capital city-Yerevan†¦You probably haven’t even heard of my country because it is so far from you and that is what makes this so amazing, because here I am writing to you from â€Å"my world†-a whole different world†¦ Well, It is a little difficult to tell about me (I don’t even know what to start with), but I am fairly sure that it is better to learn about each other’s views, preferences, lifestyles beforehand, so that we’ll be able to avoid any kinds of misunderstandings in the future. I would truly want us to be friends. And let me start- here is my life†¦ I want to tell you a bit about my country and city I was born in. Armenian is often called â€Å"a museum in the open air†. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter to roommate please tell me what you think or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yerevan is an ancient (2791 years old ,)amazing city-full of different places of interests, monuments, parks, theatres, churches, museums, restaurants, etc. It is also the biggest center of urbanization in the country. My family isn’t large: there are my grandmother, my cousin, me and my pets (turtle and a dog). My grandmother, is a doctor and works at a hospital. She is the head of our family, because she has the roles of my Mother, Father and hers as well. I love her and really appreciate everything that she does for me. My cousin is a year older than me and she is a future actress. She is a third-year student of a Theatrical University and I think she will succeed in her profession and one day we all will be very proud of her- she has got a talent and love for her work. I love animals, I love to take care of them. They are lots of fun to watch and play with. Plus, they make pretty good â€Å"friends† for us, so we have two happy creatures in our family. Now talking about me†¦ I am a second year student in European University, department of International Relations. I like my faculty because it is very interesting, it gives the opportunity to open up as a personality, as an individual with my own ideas, views and understandings of modern life, international relations, politics, cultures. Im a Christian, but I also have some interest and great respect for other religions and their views on life and beliefs. I think world is too big and too different to be bent to one explanation or one theory. I consider myself an open-minded, friendly and tolerant person. I tend to think that everything is possible, I see no limitations in opportunities and chances. So, if there is a goal and a strong will, everything is possible. That is my slogan. . I appreciate honesty, value friendship, and everything which is in harmony with lave and justice. My Likes I like lots of different things. Listening to music, playing piano, theatres, writing, walking out with my dog, spending time with friends and family. I also enjoy cooking and reading (especially classics). I also enjoy volunteering. Every year my friends and I visit local shelter-care facilities, or hospitals. My hobbies are jogging, writing and dances. My favorite food is risotto, pasta or ham and cheese pizza. My Dislikes I guess, I don’t have many dislikes, but I do dislike lies, ignorance, violation, cheating. I think those mentioned spoil our world, confuse and hurt people. Considering everyday life, my dislikes are kind of changeable†¦ They depend on my mood, weather, people, the specific day and so on, though this doesn’t mean that I am a difficult person to get along with on certain days. Regardless of my mood I value relationships and respect other people’s opinion. My Best Accomplishment One of my accomplishments that I am most proud of is being one of the winners of FLEX (Future Leader Exchange Program) program. To participate in this program and to have the real opportunity to live and study in U.S was my very best dream. It was my main goal for that time. When I found out that I am one of the finalists, the world was mine. I was the most happy and proud person on the Earth. After that I live by the slogan â€Å"Everything is possible-no limitations in opportunities and chances†. The Activities I would like to participate in while in the US. One of the activities I am hoping to do is to make a project , kind of a presentation with other international students. The purpose of project would be to inform, to share with and to show the students and the staff on the campus the differences between our countries, how truly amazing and fascinating they are. And how we complete each other. To show them their own culture from the vantage point of someone else’s culture. To share with traditions and rituals and world-views of another countries. By being exposed to so many diverse traditions they will understand the significance of keeping their own traditions alive. I would also like to be a member of campus clubs and organizations. That way I would be well informed all about campus and would gain more experience about team-works and skills on good leadership. My dear roommate, This is all I can think of how to introduce mysel f and it was a great pleasure. I would like to conclude my writing by the following, said by Frederick Douglas, the renowned abolitionist of the 19-th century: â€Å"Men who travel should leave their prejudice at home † and with that in mind I would love to meet you soon. Best Wishes, Anna

10 Nursing Careers You Didnt Know Existed

10 Nursing Careers You Didnt Know Existed the nursing field is one of the fastest growing in the country. as healthcare modernizes and expands from the er into the app store, there are a number of new opportunities to look out for as you consider nursing or look to explore a new area of your career.   1. holistic nursingpractices of holistic nursing include massage, complementary medicine (which combines conventional and alternative techniques), and mind-body integration. you’ll find these jobs in upscale clinics. successful holistic nurses should be calm, centered, and open-minded.  2. nursing informaticsnurses in this specialty need exceptional computer skills- beyond developing fluency with existing programs, they provide guidance to it professionals and code developers to create the tools that help hospitals and doctors’ offices operate efficiently and effectively. the blend of real-world nursing knowledge and technological savvy makes this niche profession appealing to the nurses of the digital generat ion.  3. forensic nursingnot for the faint of heart, forensic nursing involves working closely with law enforcement to investigate deaths, sexual assault survivors, and trauma cases, as well as partnering with child services for advocacy work. these nurses provide emotional support to patients and may be called upon for courtroom testimony.  4. outcomes managementif you’re fascinated by statistics and interpreting data, nursing in outcomes management may be a good match for you. these nurses analyze stats on patient needs, length of stay, quality surveys, and utilization of services to measure efficiency and propose adjustments in hospital policy or regulation. this is another specialty where your nursing knowledge overlaps in a productive way with the more administrative tasks of the job.  5. fitness nursingif you’ve ever contemplated being a personal trainer, this specialty offers you the chance to combine your nursing degree with a desire to help people learn to take better care of themselves. look for jobs in rehabilitation centers, post-surgery recovery, health fair screenings, or even health clubs. fitness nurses provide assessments and make recommendations for exercise and diet regimens that may help patients maintain their health or recovery from an illness or procedure.  6. entrepreneur and consultant (self-employed)let’s hear it for the freelancing nurse entrepreneur! if you open up a consultant business of your own, you can travel to offices, schools, medical centers. and other institutions to provide trainings from cpr to first aid. you might hold seminars, contract with staffing agencies, or consult with medical publishers, putting your knowledge to work and setting your own hours.  7. medical esthetics nursingan aesthetics nurse works in medical centers that may also provide spa and other holistic therapy services. your license would include laser procedures, chemical peels, botox, collagen injections. and spider ve in treatments, and your daily responsibilities would include treating patients directly and providing post-procedural care.  8. faith-based nursingif you consider your religious practice a priority, there’s a growing need for medical practitioners with religious sensitivities. you might find a position in a religious educational institution or rehabilitation center that combines spiritual care with medicine. faith-based nurses pick up where chaplains and pastors leave off to add a layer of treatment and healing provided by their medical background.  9. insurance nursingare you interested in helping coordinate patient care and communicating clearly and effectively with patients, medical professionals, and insurance policies to ensure a high level of care for clients? an insurance nurse position might be an ideal match for your strengths; your responsibilities might also include informational writing, running educational programs, and monitoring their effectiveness.  10. assisted living and long-term careif you enjoy working with seniors or those recovering from accidents or injury and the emotional rewards of long-term care, this work may be perfect for you. you’d also have responsibilities like meeting with patients’ families, developing care and transfer plans, and working with outside support professionals. there is also growth potential in this specialty- if you find an institution where you enjoy working, there may be opportunities to move into management or coordinator positions.click here for a full list of nursing positions

Lord of the Flies Quotes Explained

Lord of the Flies Quotes Explained Lord of the Flies, William Goldings classic novel about English schoolboys marooned on a deserted island, is a powerful examination of human nature. The following Lord of the Flies quotes illustrate the novels central issues and themes. Quotes About Order and Civilization â€Å"Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything. So weve got to do the right things.† (Chapter 2) This quote, spoken by Jack, serves two purposes in the novel. First, it demonstrates the boys initial dedication to hav[ing] rules and obey[ing] them. They have grown up in English society, and they assume that their new society will be modeled after it. They elect their leader democratically, establish a protocol for speaking and being heard, and assign jobs. They express a desire to do the right things. Later in the novel, the boys descend into chaos. They become the so-called savages that Jack mentions, and Jack is instrumental in this transformation, which brings us to the second purpose of the quote: irony. The more we learn about Jacks increasing sadism, the more absurd this early quote seems. Perhaps Jack never believed in rules in the first place and simply said whatever he needed to say to gain authority on the island. Or, perhaps his belief in order was so superficial that it disappeared after only a short time, making way for his true violent nature to emerge. â€Å"Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law.† (Chapter 4) In this quote, we see how the rules of society influence the boys at the start of their time on the island. Indeed, their initial period of cooperation and organization is fueled by the memory of the old life, where authority figures implemented punishment in response to misbehavior. Yet, this quote also foreshadows the violence that later erupts on the island. Roger refrains from throwing rocks at Henry not because of his own morals or conscience, but because of the memory of societys rules: the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law. This statement underscores Golding’s view of human nature as fundamentally uncivilized, restrained only by external authorities and societal restrictions. Quotes About Evil â€Å"Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill!† (Chapter 8) In this quote, Simon realizes that the the Beast the boys fear is, in fact, the boys themselves. They are their own monsters. In this scene, Simon is hallucinating, so he believes that this statement is made by the Lord of the Flies. However, it is actually Simon himself who has this revelation. Simon represents spirituality in the novel. (In fact, Goldings first draft made Simon an explicitly Christ-like figure.) He is the only character who seems to have a clear sense of right and wrong. He acts according to his conscience, rather than behaving out of fear of consequences or a desire to protect the rules. It makes sense that Simon, as the novels moral figure, is the boy who realizes the evil on the island was the boys own making. â€Å"Im frightened. Of us.† (Chapter 10) Simons revelation is proved tragically correct when he is killed at the hands of the other boys, who hear his frenzy and attack, thinking that he is the Beast. Even Ralph and Piggy, the two most stalwart supporters of order and civilization, are swept up in the panic and take part in Simon’s murder. This quote, spoken by Ralph, highlights just how far the boys have descended into chaos. Ralph is a firm believer in the power of rules to maintain order, but in this statement, he seems uncertain of whether rules can save the boys from themselves. Quotes About Reality [Jack] looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger. He spilt the water and leapt to his feet, laughing excitedly. ... He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling. He capered toward Bill, and the mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness. (Chapter 4) This quote marks the beginning of Jacks ascent to power on the island. In this scene, Jack is looking at his own reflection after painting his face with clay and charcoal. This physical transformation gives Jack a sense of freedom from shame and self-consciousness, and his boyish laughter quickly becomes bloodthirsty snarling. This shift parallels Jacks equally bloodthirsty behavior; he becomes increasingly sadistic and brutal as he gains power over the other boys. A few lines later, Jack gives a command to some of the boys, who quickly obey because the Mask compelled them. The Mask is an illusion of Jacks own creation, but on the island the Mask becomes a thing on its own that conveys authority to Jack. â€Å"The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. And in the middle of them, with filthy body, matted hair, and unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy.† (Chapter 12) Just prior to this scene, the boys have set the fire ablaze and are on the verge of murdering Ralph. However, before they can do so, a ship appears, and a naval captain arrives on the island. The boys immediately burst into tears. Instantly the trappings of Jack’s fierce hunting tribe are gone, any effort to harm Ralph ends, and the boys are children again. Their violent conflicts end abruptly, like a game of pretend. The islands societal structure felt powerfully real, and it even led to several deaths. Nevertheless, that society evaporates instantly as another more powerful social order (the adult world, the military, British society) takes its place, suggesting that perhaps all societal organization is equally as tenuous.

Lean improvement techniques Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Lean improvement techniques - Case Study Example A business today uses the measuring stick of profitability. There needs to be a shift to the thinking of total utility for the social community in order to weigh business decisions. Opponents would argue that this is a long-term plan that requires too many radical changes in the face of business. Also, there is no way that an industry wide standard can be set since there are too many types of corporations. Plus, companies have different needs and every moral rule is subjective according to the type of business that everyone conducts. Although there are no industry standards that are feasible, it is possible for every company to examine their practices as well as the attitude of their employees. There will be companies that find that they are doing fine with employees that are aware of their moral values. Yet other companies will find that they do have areas that need improvement. It is steps like these that start implementing changes. Once a few companies start to see the benefits of changes, it can help to encourage other companies to follow suit. After all, mistakes in one department can cause the deterioration of an entire corporation. When the costs that are possible are taken into account, the changes required to rectify this are small in comparison. Purpose, People, Planet, Probity (or Purity or Principles): 4 P model This 4 P model is not a process or technique - it's the character or personality of a good ethical manager or leader or organization. The four corner stones of sustainable success in any modern business venture, and is a maxim for today's management and organizational philosophy. Probity means honesty, uprightness - it's from the Latin word probus, meaning good. 'Purpose' is an apt replacement for 'Profit' and thus makes the acronym appropriate for use in not-for-profit organizations. Profit-focused corporations can of course substitute 'Profit' for 'Purpose'. The aim of all good modern organizations is to reconcile the organizational purpose (whether this be profit for shareholders, or cost-effective services delivery, in the case of public services) with the needs and feelings of people (staff, customers, suppliers, local communities, stakeholders, etc) with proper consideration for the planet - the world we live in (in terms of sustainability, environment, wildlife, natural resources, our heritage, 'fair trade', other cultures and societies, etc) and at all times acting with probity - encompassing love, integrity, compassion, honesty, and truth. Probity enables the other potentially conflicting aims to be harmonised so that the mix is sustainable, ethical and successful. Traditional inward-looking management and leadership skills (which historically considered only the purpose - typically profit - and the methods for achieving it) are no longer sufficient for sustainable organizational success. Organizations have a far wider agenda today. Moreover, performance, behaviour and standards are transparent globally - the whole world can see and judge how leaders and organizations behave - and the modern leader must now lead with this global accountability. From a

Happiness 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Happiness 2 - Essay Example Scitovosky said that life is essentially a struggle for economic status and as such it is the goal of any given person to claim a steady income for at least a perception of happiness. The terms means something unique to every individual, and despite this flexible existence we all believe our struggles through life are merely to seek out some kind of natural balance that results in being happy; the elements of this state of mind are so varied that there is no way to physically quantify the measurement yet people continue to ask themselves what would or would not make them happy. Material possessions, family life, social status and free time all rank highly among people who are either looking for or say that they are truly happy; how much does money really have to do with it? â€Å"Why is that despite having achieved previously undreamed miracles of progress we seem more helpless in facing life than our less than privileged ancestors? The answer seems clear: while humankind collectively has increased its material powers a thousand fold, it has not advanced very far in terms of improving the content† (Csikszentmihalyi, 1992). Stace consents that this idea is rather elusive and even points out that other theologians categorise happiness as a purely negative experience in that it doesn’t seem to really exits; whereas physical realities can count as positive and basically influential on a person’s daily life, happiness is a vague and therefore inconceivable term (1937). Trolfand has tried to explain happiness as a certain biological quality of humans who find themselves experiencing an â€Å"inevitable consequence of congenital forces† (1928); it’s an unconventional take on what originally had more spiritual connotations however in the search to define the terms scientists have more to base their conclusions on that the rest of us. Instead of struggling to pin a true meaning to the word happiness,

The effect of the arts in education Essay Example for Free

The effect of the arts in education Essay In all cultures in the world, arts teach the history of the society through a certain period. It provides the information about the happenings and the achievements that were achieved through the period. Arts are the most crucial factors in every day lives, were cannot make a single step ahead without a help of art and without interacting with any sub art division. It is evident because whatever we do either must include musical rhythm, calculation or actions, this are all issues related to art. In simple term art is the way man expresses his physical feeling to man, art is not a mental issue, it has to be physical for it to qualify as an art. Examples of these types of expressions are, one can nod to mean yes or no depending on the location and the society, one can bow to show respect, one can wave to say good bye or hi, these are all aspects of arts. In every culture several artistic aspect are used to relay information to the intended persons. An aspect which is used necessarily must pass the information as intended without distortions; such artist aspects may include music, drama, poems, dance, literature and visual arts like pictures, drawings, mosaic and collage. With that simple explanation, it is apparent that nothing either in science world or in other visual arts can happen without a support of arts for better and full understanding for the intended person. In most cases or rather in every case one is surrounded by artistic aspect, that is, environment is art. Nothing can be understood without the support of the art. Through the use of art, abstract ideas in science or any other discipline can be portrayed as real thus enhancing more understanding and competence on the side of the student. Purpose of the study The main purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of using arts as a tool of teaching in the schools in all subjects ranging from sciences, mathematics, languages, physical education and humanities in addition to its relation to the above disciplines of study. The other purpose of the study is to describe how arts motivate the performance of the above disciplines. Assumptions of the study In this study, education is taken to be a valuable instrument in the development of ones life. The study assumes that every student comes from a cultural back ground that has and uses arts as a means of acquiring knowledge. It also assumes that this method have to a larger extent been successful. Interpretations are always used to construct a social as well as education world. We assume that this interpretation is best done using arts. The language that is used in the above interpretation should be commensurate with the activities that are being done, example, scientific language is used in scientific descriptions. A student knowledge on something can also be gained against his performance in arts when he/she is seeks to describe it using arts. If the student is performing well has a competence in that particular field. (Armstrong,1994) Justification of the study Recent performances have not been impressive in various academic disciplines. Academics have attributed this to the fact that the use arts have been done away with. Past researches conducted have proved that the uses of arts like drama, music and experiments enhance the acquisition of knowledge. However in the recent past, teachers have been using arts negligibly. By showing arts plays a significant role in acquisition of knowledge, the study is there fore justified since it will lead to a reevaluation of the current stand and perhaps reintroducing arts to the system of teaching. (Battin et al,1990)

Explain how Hardy shows loss and regret in his poems :: English Literature

Explain how Hardy shows loss and regret in his poems A writer by the name of Thomas Hardy, was born on the second of June 1940, Dorchester, in Higher Bockhampton, near the countryside, this affected his writing, because his writing always made some sort of reference to nature. Hardy wrote poems and novels. His novels are largely known, his novels were influenced by society, and the main factors within society were the class system for the rich and the poor and inequality and discrimination for women. Hardy got married to his first wife Emma in 1874, although the beginning of their marriage got off to a brilliant start, it was not a very happy marriage for the rest of their time together. Emma inspired Hardy’s writing. During his marriage with Emma, he became unfaithful to her and had an affair with a lady called Florence Emily Dougdale, when they met, Florence was at the age of 28. In 1912, Hardy lost his wife, Emma and his sister, two years after Emma died, 1914. Hardy then married Florence and bought her back to her his house, the house he had lived in with his first wife. All of this affected Hardy’s poetry, which became more cathartic. We see how the following events affect his poetry in the 3 poem: The Going, The Voice and the poem At Castle Boterel. The poem ‘The Going’ tells us about a woman who died, and Hardy had many unresolved questions yet to ask her. The poem opens with the introduction to the idea that woman in this poem gave Hardy no clue that she was leaving: â€Å"Why did you give no hint that night, †¦ You would close your term here, up and be gone† (Stanza 1, line 1 & 4) I can infer from my background knowledge, that the woman to whom this poem and the other two poems I’ll be discussing, is aimed at his first wife, who had passed away in the same year this poem was written, 1912. â€Å"Where I could not follow With wings of swallow† (Stanza 1, line 6 & 7) When Hardy uses this type of imagery, it makes the audience think that she, Emma, left in a dignified way, because swallows are graceful birds, and that he cannot follow her because she has gone to a better place, maybe heaven. But he cannot follow because of the sinful thing he did on Earth (he had an affair). This shows his feelings of loss and regret because it makes the reader think that that he is missing her terribly, because she has flown off and left him, and he cannot

Haier Group: A Chinese Company That Created A Global Brand Essay

Haier Group (â€Å"HG†) is a leading Chinese international manufacturer of large and small appliances, including refrigerators, freezers, conditioners, dishwashers and laundry products to cell phones and televisions. HG is not only known around the world for quality and innovation but as an early mover outside of the Chinese marketplace; it was able to implement a market strategy to take away market share from large manufacturers on their own home-front. I. Haier Group’s Global Brand Strategy A. Haier Group’s Expansion Strategy – It Was Time to Expand China joined the World Trade Organization (â€Å"WTO†) in December 2001 and became part of the international appliance marketplace. HG had a choice to maintain its current position as the leading manufacturer in China or to expand its operations into global markets. HG faced stiff competition from domestic manufactures and multinational companies (â€Å"MNCs†) that were penetrating the Chinese market. Although HG maintained a market advantage based upon its innovative and rapid market response to customer needs, superior after-sales servicing and efficient distribution centers, it would be only a matter of time before MNCs acquired similar resources through third-parties and adapted to local market needs (Palepu pp. 7-9). 1 HG could face overcapacity within the Chinese market – i.e., too many manufactures and not enough market share – and lose the opportunity to support its global expansion to capture market share overseas. If HG have had kept the status quo, it may never have another opportunity to use profits generated from its domestic sales to go head-to-head with large manufactures and develop its own brand. As early as 1997, HG had developed a formal global expansion strategy (Id. at 10). It manufactured products for MNCs overseas and entered into joint ventures (â€Å"JVs†) to explore foreign markets (Id.). HG had acquired access to the latest technology from the U.S. and Europe and was able to leverage its knowledge to manufacturer a better product at a higher profit per unit. Its  competitive advantage was two-fold: (1) product differentiation; and (2) response speed (Id. at 15). HG was successful in China, because it focused on organizing itself to understand what customers want and to satisfy those needs as quickly as possible. It also was able to  introduce brand new products or features that could be added to existing products to meet customers’ needs. While most Chinese manufacturers marketed and sold products under an original equipment manufacturer (â€Å"OEM†) client brand, HG was willing to endure the earlier costs of developing its own brand (Id. at 10). HG adopted an expansion strategy to first build its market share in developed markets and then go after emerging markets. It opined that many Chinese manufacturers would first export to South East Asia where they had no strong dominate competitors; HG would instead focus on the difficult and larger markets of the U.S. and Europe (Id. at 11). If HG could succeed in these markets it would have raised its competitive edge and could easily thrive in emerging markets (Id.). This logic makes sense since, because if the HG brand was widely accepted in the U.S. and Europe, it would become widely accepted as a high quality product in emerging markets. With the support and encouragement of the Chinese government, HG sought the benefits of being an early-mover and manufactured niche products in developed markets neglected by large manufacturers. HG focused on compact refrigerators for college students and offices and wine coolers (Id. at 11-12). When others began to imitate, HG was equipped to add new features, such as mini-fridges that doubled as a computer desk (Id. at 12). HG did not directly compete with the large manufactures in the U.S. and European markets because it had to â€Å"bridge the trust gap† and shed the low-quality  reputation attached to Chinese manufactured goods. After establishing the quality of the niche products, HG was able to gain the attention of major retail chains and introduce standard products to the U.S. HG learned from the mistakes made by MNCs in China and entered into new markets by hiring the right people with knowledge of local markets. HG developed JVs on five different continents, thus spreading the risk, and its strategy allowing HG to leverage knowledge from its local partners. It gained competitive advantage by product differentiation and response speed. HG’s large competitors were inflexible, slow moving and did not focus on the minor details of the customers’ needs. Customers felt as if HG’s products were local brands rather than imported Chinese brands. Haier Group Faced Risks with Global Expansion HG’s decision to globalize in developed markets faced risks if MNCs quickly learned from their mistakes in the Chinese market and started eating into HG’s domestic market share, depriving HG of the profits necessary to expand globally. If MNCs did not underestimate HG, they could have tracked movement and competed directly against the niches that HG sought to fulfill before introducing its standard products to major retailers. HG’s critical vulnerability was the Chinese reputation of manufacturing cheap quality goods, its harsh labor conditions and environmental practices. HG faced the risks that U.S. and European markets would reject out-of-hand the HG brand despite its innovation and high quality. China was fortunate to have HG lead the way in global expansion; another early-moving Chinese manufacturer with lower quality standards and poor market strategy could have resulted in failure and further setbacks for the Chinese government’s â€Å"going outâ⠂¬  policy. II.  Conclusion If HG chose to remain in its domestic market or sell its products under an OEM client  brand, it may have never been afforded an opportunity to develop its own global brand. MNCs invested millions into factories and distribution in China in hopes to prevent HG from using its profits in the domestic market to support its advancement overseas (Id. at 15). HG’s market strategy capitalized on MNCs failures in China and its knowledge of western technology. It was too risky for HG not to make its move into the global community. HG exploited MNC’s slow response to customer needs, inattention to minor details and inflexibility to become a leading player in the global market. The risk of not expanding globally when faced with MNC competition in China outweighed the risks of being complacent with its domestic market share.

A Comparative Analysis of H.G. Wells’ Island Essay

H. G. Wells’ The Island of Doctor Moreau and Elie Wiesel’s Night are strikingly similar accounts of modern savagery and inhumanness that affect seemingly civilized societies. What is revealing however is that Wells’ novel is an entirely fictional work which proposes to analyze the effects of the advancement of science and technology in the absence of solid ethical principles, while Wiesel’s work is an autobiographical account of the author’s experiences in several concentration camps, during the Holocaust. The similarity between the experiences of the two narrators points to the inherent savageness of man. A comparative analysis of the two works exposes human civilization as a myth rather than a reality. Wiesel’s grim, nightmarish experience in the concentration camp almost surpasses the horror of Well’s fantastical island. Man is debunked as a savage, beast-like creature whose acts prove to be even more frightening and unimaginable than those of animals. The horrors produced by Doctor Moreau and by Hitler are equally unbelievable. While animal behavior is characterized only by instinctual cruelty urged by the necessity of survival, human cruelty exemplified by the experiments of Moreau and by Hitler’s massacre of six million Jews, is at once more perilous and more disturbing. In man, the animal instincts are paired with reason and imagination, just as in the symbolic hybrids created by Moreau, and thus the potency of evil increases tremendously. The two works start off from similar premises. The cruel and unprincipled experiments concocted by Doctor Moreau take place on a secluded island with a symbolic name: Noble’s Isle. In order to improve human genetics, Moreau performs vivisections and other horrifying experiments on various animals, attempting to create a new, superior race of hybrids. His experiments are symbolic because they draw attention to man’s double nature, as an animal and as a creature endowed with reason. The island’s seclusion allows the scientist to establish an empire of horrors. In Wiesel’s Night, the nightmare is also compressed into the unitary and enclosed space of the concentration camp. The barbed wire that surrounds the camps from all sides and that bears the ironic warning sign of danger, marks the boundaries of a limited and entrapping world where only the horrors are infinite: â€Å"We were caught in a trap, right up to our necks. The doors were nailed up; the way back was finally cut off. The world was a cattle wagon hermetically sealed† (Wiesel 30). Moreover, time itself is condensed into a single and prolonged night, an unending nightmare that knows no respite. Moreover, the similarity between Moreau’s design of perfecting the human race and Hitler’s project for exterminating the Jews and purifying the Aryan race, reveals the fact that man is prone to atrocities and inhuman acts that are much more terrifying than those of beasts. The hybrid race created by Moreau is a symbol of manhood in general and its proximity to savageness despite technological advancements and scientific progress, while also being similar to the new breed beast –like men created by the Holocaust. The extreme terror and dehumanizing physical suffering of the prisoners of the concentration camp, change them into savage beings that are limited to a few basic instincts. The horrors that they have to endure are almost unbearable. The Jews are therefore rapidly transformed into beasts who try to cling to the miserable and terrible lives they have. Hungered, beaten, separated from families and friends, the men and women lose their individuality and their human feelings. Gradually, as the horrors progress, they become so inured in the beastly life they lead that they no longer communicate or try to express themselves. Any trace of human feeling or dignity disappears from the men that are brought even lower than the animal condition: â€Å"Within a few seconds, we had ceased to be men† (Wiesel 45). The sheer nightmare of permanent terror and sufferance, without the light of hope or comfort is increased by the Jews’ awareness that they were being persecuted by fellow beings. As the narrative progresses, the horrors also increase. The thousands of Jews that live and work in crammed-up places become walking skeletons. With scarcely enough food to sustain life and insufficient clothing to shield them from the weather and with no treatment for their illnesses the remaining Jews survive only by a miracle. They are surrounded by death: its threat blazes in the furnace of the crematories where the ‘selected’ ones are taken, it piles up in the corpses that are ubiquitous in the camps, it takes the loved ones away and threatens their own emaciated bodies at any moment. The cruelties that these people suffer are beyond description and their endurance impressive. The author himself was only fifteen years old at the time that he had to bear witness and to be a part of these horrors. His deep religious feeling and his faith are shaken forever by the black memory of the holocaust: â€Å"Never shall I forget those moments, which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never† (Wiesel 43). While the Jews are reduced to less than beastly conditions, their force of endurance is overwhelming. According to Wiesel, the suffering people gathered there were greater than God himself because of their spiritual strength that makes them pray even in these dire conditions. The image of the Jews sufferance is easily comparable to that of the beast-like creations of Doctor Moreau: â€Å"And the dwindling shreds of the humanity still startled me every now and then,—a momentary recrudescence of speech perhaps, an unexpected dexterity of the fore-feet, a pitiful attempt to walk erect† (Wells 159). Significantly, the Jews as well as other people had regarded Hitler’s promise of exterminating an entire race of people as an impossible farce. The civilized man deems himself safe from extreme pain inflicted by another human being. The narrator himself believes at the beginning that nothing like what was rumored about the camps could be true in the middle of the twentieth century. The same disbelief surrounds Prendick’s account of the scientific experiments on the island. The ultimate feeling that seizes both Prendick and Wiesel in front of these atrocities is the fact that they do not have the desire to return to mankind, despite their sufferance: â€Å"It is strange, but I felt no desire to return to mankind. I was only glad to be quit of the foulness of the Beast People† (Wells 166). This emphasizes the fact that real cruelty is much more often witnessed in man than in animals. The two works describe the nightmarish experiences of the narrators. Entrapped alongside the direst human savagery, the Jews have no choice but to bow to it and expect their own end. Their endurance is obviously superhuman. As in The Island of Doctor Moreau, the liberation of the last Jews is brought by their revolt. This liberation however will never shake the curtain of the horrors that remain inscribed in history as a testimony to human savageness and its persistence in the modern world. ? Works Cited: Wells, H. G. The Island of Doctor Moreau. New York: Signet Classics, 1996. Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York: Holt McDougal, 1999.

Introduction to the Concept of Welfare Analysis

Introduction to the Concept of Welfare Analysis When studying markets, economists not only want to understand how prices and quantities are determined, but they also want to be able to calculate how much value markets create for society. Economists call this topic of study welfare analysis, but, despite its name, the subject doesn’t have anything directly to do with transferring money to poor people. How Economic Value Is Created By a Market Economic value created by a market accrues to a number of different parties. It goes to: consumers when they can purchase goods and services for less than they value the use of the itemsproducers when they can sell goods and services for more than each item cost to producethe government when markets provide an opportunity to collect taxes Economic value is also either created or destroyed for society when markets cause spillover effects for parties not directly involved in a market as a producer or a consumer (known as externalities). How Economic Value Is Quantified In order to quantify this economic value, economists simply add up the value created for all of the participants in (or onlookers to) a market. By doing so, economists can calculate the economic impacts of taxes, subsidies, price controls, trade policies, and other forms of regulation (or deregulation). That said, there are a few things that must be kept in mind when looking at this type of analysis. First, because economists simply add up the values, in dollars, created for each market participant, they implicitly assume that a dollar of value for Bill Gates or Warren Buffet is equivalent to a dollar of value for the person who pumps Bill Gates’ gas or serves Warren Buffet his morning coffee. Similarly, welfare analysis often aggregates the value to consumers in a market and the value to producers in a market. By doing this, economists also assume that a dollar of value for the gas station attendant or barista counts the same as a dollar of value for a shareholder of a large corporation. (This isnt as unreasonable as it may initially seem, however, if you consider the possibility that the barista is also a shareholder of the large corporation.) Second, welfare analysis only counts the number of dollars taken in taxes rather than the value of what that tax revenue is ultimately spent on. Ideally, tax revenue would be used for projects that are worth more to society than they cost in taxes, but realistically this is not always the case. Even if it were, it would be very difficult to link up taxes on particular markets with what the tax revenue from that market ends up buying for society. Therefore, economists purposely separate out the analyses of how many tax dollars are generated and how much value spending those tax dollars creates. These two issues are important to keep in mind when looking at economic welfare analysis, but they don’t make the analysis irrelevant. Instead, it’s helpful to understand how much value in the aggregate is created by a market (or created or destroyed by regulation) in order to properly assess the tradeoff between overall value and equity or fairness. Economists often find that efficiency, or maximizing the overall size of the economic pie, is at odds with some notions of equity, or dividing that pie in a manner that is considered fair, so its crucial to be able to quantify at least one side of that tradeoff. In general, textbook economics draws positive conclusions about the overall value created by a market and leaves it to philosophers and policymakers to make normative statements about what is fair. Nonetheless, its important to understand how much the economic pie shrinks when a fair outcome is imposed in order to decide whether the tradeoff is worth it.

Book Review The Study Of Human Nature Philosophy Essay

Book Review The Study Of Human Nature Philosophy Essay In The Study of Human Nature by Leslie Stevenson, Stevenson writes about Confucian philosophy, most notably the Confucian philosophers Mencius and Hsun-tzu. In the several extracts from the Book of Mencius, Mencius to oppose the claim that human nature is neither good nor bad, but instead good. While from the Book of Hsun-tzu, Hsun-tzu states the opposite, that humans are naturally evil. Both books include the writings from these philosophers arguing whether human nature is good or evil. In the Book of Mencius, Mencius provides the arguments that show that human nature is indeed good. In the first few selections, Mencius quotes Kao Tzu and then follows to argue against him that human nature is not good or evil. Kao Tzu states that â€Å"human nature is like a chi willow† (23), where changing a human’s morality is like turning willow into cups and bowls. Mencius responds by saying that in order for willow to turn into cups and bowl it must be altered, and then you must also alter a human to make him good. Mencius is stating that the words of Kao Tzu are considering that morality is a mutilation of human nature. In addition, Kao Tzu states that â€Å"human nature is like whirling water†, it will flow whenever there’s an opening with no preference (23). However Mencius retaliates that it may be true that it has no preference but water will always seek low ground. It is water’s nature to flow downward, and thus there must be a nature for man. Hence, there is no man that is evil, because there is no water that does not flow downward (23). This means it is water’s nature to flow downward, and it is also human nature to be good. However you can manipulate water, whereas by splashing it and forcing the change of nature is like saying that humans can be evil, under forced circumstances (24). Mencius view of human nature can be concluded that all humans are naturally good but sometimes under certain conditions would be bad. Menc ius view is further supported on the rest of the sections. In section 6, Mencius again responds to Kao Tzu about the human nature of people. Kao Tzu uses a real-life example dictating the reign of a â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† king. Mencius answers that all men are capable of being good. Mencius brings up the role of the four hearts: Heart of compassion to benevolence, heart of shame to dutifulness, heart of respect to observance of the rites, and the heart of right and wrong to wisdom (24). These four hearts are possessed by all men, however if they do not seek the hearts they will lose it. Mencius is saying that all men differ in development, as there are men who are â€Å"five times or countless times better than another man† (24) and that is because â€Å"Seek and you will find it; let go and you will lose it.† With that said, Mencius is saying it is not the fault of one’s nature to become bad, instead people who don’t make use of their h earts and follow it would untimely lose the hearts pertaining to doing good.

Explaining the civil trial process Research Paper

Explaining the civil trial process - Research Paper Example Notably, the above processes or procedures start after a plaintiff has filed a complaint against defendant with the appropriate court. Appropriateness of court is determined by various factors that include the origin of the plaintiff and defendant, the basis of the complaint, and the damages sought by the plaintiff (Pozgar & Santucci, 2011). For instance, if the plaintiff and defendant come from the same state, then the complaint can be filed within the state’s law courts. In the event that either of the parties is from a different state then a federal court would be appropriate in filing the complaint. In addition, if the complaint is where Amber Andetti (the plaintiff) is seeking to be compensated for damages that are below $3,000, then the most appropriate court is the Small Claims Court, otherwise other forms of courts could be appropriate if the amount is higher (Pozgar, 2007). The first process in a civil case after the complaint is filed is jury selection. Jury selection is the choosing of people who will serve at the trial jury. Even though every individual has the right for a trial jury, the concept is optional for civil cases but mandatory for criminal cases. Once the selection of jury is done the next process within the civil case will be delivery of opening statements (Pozgar, 2007). Opening statements are brief statements that the attorney makes to jury outlining facts as they see them and how they are going to proceed with the case. It should be noted that opening statements made by attorneys are not evidences since attorneys are not witnesses. The second step after opening statements is the presentation of evidence. Presentation of evidence involves witnesses of the plaintiff followed by the witnesses of the defendant. After the presentation of evidence by the witnesses of the defendant, any rebuttal

Human Rights Violation of North Korean Refugees Essay

Human Rights Violation of North Korean Refugees - Essay Example Issues related to human rights violation have also emerged and their status under international law as legal personalities have been persistent issues brought under the international courts. This paper shall primarily discuss human rights violations against North Korean refugees. It will first provide an overview of why these North Koreans became refugees in the first place. It shall then discuss how their refugee status has been evaluated under international law. A discussion on the discriminatory acts against these refugees will also be presented. North Korean domestic laws in relation to these refugees shall also be discussed. China’s response to accusations of negative treatment will also be presented. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear understanding of North Korean refugees and how their status has been managed under international laws. ... About 90% of its border is shared with China. China has tolerated some of these refugees to a certain extent, however, these refugees are primarily considered as nuisances, especially as these refugees often engage in problematic activities like stealing, human trafficking, forgery of passports, and organized crime5. The international legal resources which provide assistance to refugees include the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol of such convention6. Refugees are defined as individuals fleeing their home country due to persecution of fear of being persecuted by reason of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion and due to these same reasons cannot find protection in his country7. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees is the UN agency which is concerned with the protection of refugees and other individuals displaced by conflicts and disasters. This agency ensures that the human rights of these refugees are protected. North Korean refugee s are under the protection of this agency, however, throughout the years, these refugees have still experienced much hardship from their host countries8. Many of these refugees have suffered various human rights violations from their host countries. Women have been vulnerable to rape, prostitution, and forced marriages. Refugees who have made it to China are said to suffer from the constant threat of being discovered by authorities, and many of them are living in abject poverty or are working low paying menial jobs9. China’s response or policies towards North Koreans has mostly been negative. Although it is party to the Refugee Convention and Protocol, China has prevented the UNHCR access to these refugees, arguing that these refugees

INTRO LETTER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTRO LETTER - Essay Example I believe that if I give you a breakdown of my typical day, you would better understand how my familial responsibilities have ultimately worked in my favour as a writer. I get up every day at 6 a.m., prepare the children for school and do housework until about 10 a.m. From then until 3 p.m. my time is my own and this time is writing time. Without fail, I go into my small makeshift writing room at 10 a.m. and do not emerge from it until 3 p.m. If I am working on a new concept, I generally spend about 5 days surfing the internet and reading up on it. Following the collection of the necessary data, I enter the development of the concept phase. This entails the exploration of the concept from several perspectives and a critical analysis of all these angels for determination of which one, or combination, I will pursue. After this particular decision is made, I enter the skeleton phase. This entails the drawing up of a skeleton of the project. I construct a comprehensive outline of the project and add details to every point and so know exactly where I am heading and how I am going to get there. The penultimate stage is the fleshing out stage. The writing begins at this point. Following my skeleton, I begin the writing of the project itself. When at this stage I often loose track of the time and often feel that if I donâ₠¬â„¢t adjust my alarm at 3 p.m. I would extend far beyond that. The final phase, the one which I find quite boring, is the revision stage. This entails a tremendous amount of reading through my working, revising, writing and rewriting. It is, however, a necessary stage and the one which distinguishes quality output from less than perfect ones. After the children come home from school, I am generally with them, supervising their homework and preparing supper, until 6 p.m., at which time my husband

Analysis Of Traditional Utilitarianism

Analysis Of Traditional Utilitarianism Traditionally, utilitarianism principle holds that any action is ethically right if and only if the total outcomes of the same act are more than the outcomes produced by any other action an agent could have done in its place. According to utilitarianism only one action is right in the final analysis: the action whose net benefits are much more when compared to the ultimate benefits of other alternative possibilities. Both the foreseeable future and the immediate costs and benefits provided by each alternative to each individual need to be taken into consideration together with other indirect consequences. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problem of measurement as one of the traditional problems of utilitarianism. An individual must determine what alternative policies or actions are there for him at any occasion, for every alternative action an individual must estimate both the direct and indirect costs as well as benefits produced by the action on every affected individual by the act on the foreseeable future. Any alternative that gives the biggest sum total of utility need to be chosen as the ethically correct course of action (Paul and Dycus 38). The advantage of utilitarianism is its ability to explain that having some certain types of actions (lying, killing and cheating) are generally wrong in a moral perspective whereas others are ethically right (telling the truth). Traditionally, utilitarians would deny that any form of action is always right or wrong. The utilitarian perspective has been used widely in economics especially in economic techniques such as cost benefit efficiency and analysis. One main set of problems with utilitarianism is centered on the difficulties met in an attempt to measure utility. If we cannot manage to have basic knowledge on which kind of activities will give us the greatest amount of utility, then it will be hard to apply the utilitarian principle. Anything considered valuable is part of the instrumental things because they pave way for other good things. On the other hand intrinsic goods are those that are desirable and independent of other benefits they can produce. Money for instance is an instrumental good while health is an intrinsic good. To effectively compare two actions, there must be some common measure of outcomes. How can one for instance measure child labor? To begin with, it must be noted that the information on the incidence of child labor are very reliable to a point where the exact comparison between the two sources of information is not possible (Weiner 155). According to Bentham, not all individuals are similar when it comes to the issue of capacity to enjoy pain and pleasures. Strength, firmness of mind, health, education lineage, climate, occupation, income, sex among many other things affect individuals sensibility to register and experience pleasures of pain. Actually, Bentham found out that social utility measurement was approximate at its best. It is useless to talk of adding quantities which afterwards after the addition will be distinct as they were before. It is a fact that one mans happiness will not be another mans happiness and a benefit to an individual will not be reflected in a totally diff erent individual. One might pretend to add 20 oranges to 20 lemonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.this addibility of different forms of happiness may appear false when rigorously considered (Rima 66). Because there was no way to measure happiness or social welfare exactly, some attempt was needed by expediency on the approximate measurement of the net balance. Mill just like Bentham found out that then unifying principle of public policy was the proportion of the good to the number. This means that there should be the greatest good for the greatest number. Mill was very concerned on the exact nature of the general rule in particular with what utilitarianism include in terms of pleasure and pain (Stuart 210). It is very hard to rely on utilitarianism as the only method of making a decision because of the need to assign values to benefits and negative consequences of our actions and compare with the positive and negative consequences that might come up as a result of other actions. It is often impossible or very difficult to measure and compare the values of some costs and benefits. How can we for instance go about assigning a value to art or life? And how can one compare the value of life with that of life, time or human dignity? In addition, can we be ever certain on all of the outcomes of our actions? Our ability to predict and measure harms and benefits as a result of certain moral rule or cause of action is dubious to say the least (Habibi 98). May be the biggest challenge with utilitarianism is that it does not consider justice. Like in the case of doctor/innocent man, such course of action can produce great benefits for the society but the truth is that the action is unjust. When a doctor decides to compromise the life of one healthy who has some organs which can save the lives of five of unhealthy patients, the act appears to be unjust but the benefit is greater. After all one life has been used bring back five other lives that would have otherwise been lost. Utilitarianism argues that it is better to lose one life and save five other lives. Mill found it hard to define whom to include in the Maximand although he managed to answer it on pragmatic perspectives. Also, Mill found it hard to define an individual not to mention social happiness. In his strongest reactions to Bentham, Mill managed to differentiate between an individuals good and happiness. The biggest happiness of the biggest number is to become our invariable guide, and the greatest happiness of living men is not of men to come; for if there is posterity, who can be our guide? Who has the capacity to prejudge our future of men living by that time and how frequent would their biggest form of happiness consist in regard to their biggest errors? (Lacey 210). Utilitarian goal was then reformulated by Mill and in the process rejected what he perceived to be a narrow and excessive definition of utility by Bentham. On his emphasis on spiritual nature, Mill managed to argue that any gain of material nature is not the final goal for any society. A broader notion of improvement and moral tone were then integrated into utilitarian goal. He maintained that utility is part of the ultimate basis for moral obligations. These dimensions had a lot of implications on the economic policy which according to Mill in the minimum terms was to suit and at best improve the publics moral character. Mill however on various occasions questioned the effectiveness of institutional changes that did not intend to bring a moral improvement and eventually not achieve lasting effects (Bay 39). Mill insisted that in utilitarianism the same amounts of happiness are equally needed whether felt by different individuals or the same individual. Mill Championed for equality and impartiality freed both popularly and the enlightened as not corollary individuals of utilitarianism but part of the very meaning of utilitarianism: a principle that is seen to be lacking actions and rationale signification, unless an individuals happiness supposed same in status is counted for precisely as much as someone elses. However, every one has equal claim to all means to happiness. The greatest happiness perception remained problematic nevertheless, because the amount of was not directly measurable as Mills put it supposed equal in degree. The anterior principle of Utilitarianism it is permitted is that the arithmetic rule is applicable to the value of happiness just like all other quantities which can be measured. Mill argued that the only measure of quantity comprised of the verdict of individuals who had encountered different quantities of pleasurable sensations. Infact on a serious point, Mill argued that pleasures differed in type and amounts; but unable to give a clear-cut means of either ranking types of pleasures or measuring total pleasure (Lueck and Allen 66). If our decisions based on morals are to take into account issue of justice, then utilitarianism apparently cannot be the only guiding principle in our decision making process. However, it can play a significant role in the process. Utilitarianism principle invites us to take into account the immediate as well as the long term outcomes of our actions. Provided its insistence on summing harms and benefits of different people, utilitarianism needs us to project our vision beyond our personal interest to avoid favoritism on people affected by our actions. On the issue of perverse pleasures, Mill managed to come up with a very strong conception of ethical values on the basis of consequences of a particular action. He defined in a clear manner the kind of consequences that would count in determining whether the action is right or wrong as pleasure and pain. All living things are trying to avoid pain and seek pleasure. Because the main aim of ethics is to come with the best world, the purpose is to maximize the total pleasure available in the world and minimize the any pain as much as possible. The creed which accepts as the basis of morals, greatest happiness principle or utility, holds that actions are proportionally right because they tend to promote happiness and proportionally wrong when the result is sadness. By happiness is purported pleasure with no pain; by sadness is intended pain and lack of pleasure (wood 100). Initially, it sounded perverse or even trivial to some individuals who believe that pleasure is usually connected to an immoral act. Mill considered pain and pleasure in their most basic stages. For instance hunger is an evil because it causes pain. Mill also pointed out that preventable death is a way of denying one pleasure hence forms part of an evil. The main moral point that Mill is trying to present is that there is need to judge the ethical value of our actions on the general consequences it has for individuals in terms of pain and pleasure. The greatest principle of happiness holds that the less pain and the more the pleasure an action causes, the better it is in moral perspective. We should therefore seek to participate in those activities and be part of policies that lead to greatest happiness.

Oil In America Essays -- essays research papers

Oil in America America has many problems with it's environment. The facts are clear that most corporations won't take the blame for them. These companies try to find ways out by stating that they are not the ones responsible for these problems. They try to protect themselves from the mistakes they made in the oil industry and the country. The facts are clear that there have been disasters in the oil field industry in the past ten years and they stand out in history. The article "Myths We Wouldn't Miss", by the Mobil Corporation, states that there hasn't been a major off shore oil disaster in past years. That may be true and it tries to get Mobil out of a jam but the underlying fact is that there have been oil spills and pollutants put into the environment and that cannot be excused. There have been facts which prove that there have been decreases in the fish population and in the aquatic life in the regions where the oil companies have been. The negligence of these companies can be shown in different fields. There have been many incidents in the oil field industry dating back to January 28 1969, in Santa Barbara. This may have been a long time ago but this was a disaster this country has never seen. On the 28 a well burst on the Santa Barbara Channel. It "raged for ten days and killed 3 crewmen".(Easton,10) There were major problems stopping this rig and no matter what happened there was already enough damage done. On February 23, the well erupted again. The environmental consequences were evident. As the oil spilled down towards the south the numbers were staggering of how much oil actually was pouring out into the ocean. By the month of march 3,000,000 gallons of oil escaped into the ocean.(Easton,251) Here is where the story is corrupted by the oil companies. Union Oil, the company responsible for this stated that their facts "only showed 250,000 gallons".(Easton,256) There were presidential tests and discovered the oil company was wrong. The most damaging evidence to theses oil companies was the discovery that was made when the government sent a diver under the spill to investigate the well. The source showed that more oil leaked than the oil co... ...panies realize the impact they have on the public and realize they all need the business of the American public. The companies act irresponsibly and do not use the appropriate machinery which is not up to standard. In my own opinion these companies know the consequences of using what they have. There is no excuse for the problems that they have. Human error is not calculated right and there is a disaster. We know the kind of damage that is done in the marine life. Why do we insist on doing this then? Is there any other way to get the oil here and back? Why do the oil companies also try to cover up for the damage that they have done? The Mobil Corporation states it's facts well. Every company shows that their facts make sense and gets them out of any trouble that they might be in. They have cited sources in research books and in the article mentioned in the beginning. These sources are all well and good and they dug up these facts to protect themselves from the truth. It is not something we can pull out of by excuses, but by facing it head on and making it easier on our planet and those who will be there for years to come.

Human Elements In Administration Essay

People are the most important element in an organization whether it’s a business enterprise, a school, an army or hospital. School administrator and supervisors must be prepared to deal effectively with the people involved because they have the most difficulty in understanding and dealing with the human elements of administration. The administrator must understand certain fundamental concepts of motivation. He must have an insight into the nature of authority and influence. And most of all, he must have the ability to analyze specific problems and to carry out his intentions successfully. Technical skills, administrative skills and human skills are the three kinds of skills a successful administrator must possess. * Technical Skills – pertains to methods, techniques and processes. * Administrative Skills – ability to see the organization as an entity and the interrelationship of its various parts * Human Skills – refers to the ways of dealing effectively w ith people. 3 Distinct elements: *Skill in understanding the basic human forces active in the organization. *Skill in analyzing complex human situations. *Skill in implementing a plan of action. It is said that man is a wanting animal. As soon as one of his needs is satisfied, another appears in its place. Man’s needs are organized in a series of levels or a hierarchy of importance according to the theory of Maslow. Psychological needs – to be alive and to stay alive. Safety needs – to feel safe from accidents or pain, from competition or threat. of his behaviour. Ego needs – relate to one’s self – esteem and one’s reputation. Self – fulfilment needs – for continued self – development, for realizing one’s own potentialities. Understanding basic needs of an individual is important for the administrators and supervisors because deprivation of those needs has behavioural consequences on the part of one’s individual. It is also important to understand because of the fact that an individual whose lower level needs are satisfied, he is not any longer motivated to satisfy his psychological and safety needs. Rather, he shifts towards the satisfaction of the other needs in the hierarchy. Unless there are opportunities at work to satisfy these needs, the individual is deprived and his consent behaviour will reflect the deprivation. A New Theory of Management Proposition on the theory of new management’s task by McGregor harnessing human energy to organizational requirements are stated as follows: 1. Management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise – money, materials, equipment and people – in the interest of economic needs 2 A process of directing peoples efforts, motivating, controlling their actions and modifying their behaviour to fit the needs of the organization 3. It is the responsibility of the management to recognize and develop the individual’s potential for development, his capacity for assuming responsibility, his readiness to direct behaviour toward organizational goals. 4. The essential task of management is to arrange organizational conditions and methods of operation in order to achieved desired goals and objectives. New theory of management relies on self – control and self – direction; it treats people as a matured adults and it is management by objectives, Advantages 1. it does not involve the relinquishing of leadership, the abdication of management or the lowering of standards 2 it is a process of creating opportunities, encouraging growth, releasing potential, removing obstacles and providing guidance Some applications of the new theory: 1. Decentralization and Delegation – freeing people from too close control of conventional organization. 2. Job Enlargement – encourages the acceptance of responsibility at the bottom of the organization. 3. Participation and Consultative Management – people are encouraged to direct their own creative energies towards organizational objectives and giving them some voice in decisions. 4. Performance Appraisal – individuals are involved in in setting targets and objectives for himself and in a self – evaluation of performance semi – annually or annually. Close supervision tends to be associated with high productivity, general supervision with high productivity. The importance of supervising subordinates as a group are as follows: a.) discuss work problems with the group, b.) group performs well even when the supervisor is absent, c.) foster teamwork and group loyalty and d.) involves group participation in making decisions. THE ADMINISTRATOR OF SCHOOL FINANCING The welfare of the state depends largely upon the education of its citizens. Filipino people recognized the importance of sending children to school whenever and wherever possible. Our leaders and framers of Constitution see to it that the Magna Carta contains a provison that the state should establish and maintain a complete and adequate system of education and provide at least free primary for all education of school age. Since school population keeps on growing and the salaries of the teachers are keep on increasing, more and more funds are needed. However, present financial capability becomes inadequate and need to augment financial resources to keep up with increasing educational needs. In general, the sources for government income for education are the following: 1. Taxes imposed by law for the support of the government such as the real – property tax, specific tax, and import and export taxes. 2. Tuition fees imposed on students in public high schools, vocational schools, regional normal schools, and chartered colleges and universities. 3. Matriculation fees collected from public secondary school students, vocational schools, and chartered colleges and universities. There were also a matriculation fee charged in the intermediate grades but the fee was abolished by R. A. 4092 effective the school year 1964 – 1965. 4. Rental for lease of school sites and sales of schools products. 5. Land grants and donations. 6. Voluntary contributions. 7. Special fees such as miscellaneous fees charged from college students for entrance, registration, library, athletics, and laboratory, medical and dental clinics, school paper, diplomas, graduations and R.O.T.C. Support for Elementary Education The Educational Act of 1940 which nationalized the support of all elementary schools in municipalities and municipal districts saved the situation for the poor communities. The Educational Act of 1940 forbids the collection of tuition fees in the intermediate grades although it permits the matriculation fees in an amount to be determined by the President not exceeding two pesos for each pupil enrolled in the intermediate grades in municipalities and municipal district. The proceeds from this matriculation fee accrue to the fund of the National Government to purchase of library books and equipment and 40% for financing athletic activities in the intermediate grades. While the acquisition of school sites and construction of temporary school buildings remain the responsibility of the local governments. The law abolished the share of municipalities and municipal districts in the internal revenue collections, percentage taxes on the agricultural products and income tax. Support for Public Secondary Schools The financial support for the maintenance and operation of public secondary schools provided for by the provincial and city governments. Generally, the majority of provinces do not have adequate funds to support the schools properly. This deficiency in finances gives occasional difficulty in the payment of secondary teacher’s salary. The sources of provincial income are the following: 1. Internal revenue allotments from the national government. 2. Share from local taxes. 3. Fees from services rendered. 4. Income from miscellaneous receipts. Support for secondary schools 1. Tuition and matriculation fee levied by the Provincial Board on all high school students 2. Board uses parts of its general fund in case of shortage or the Board passes a resolution increasing the rate of tuition 3. Through the enactment of R. A. No. 3478, the National Government has been granting annual national aid to general provincial and municipal high schools beginning with the school year 1963 – 1964, primarily intended for salary adjustments of teachers and other secondary school personnel 4. Voluntary contributions and donations by private individuals and civic organizations Support of barrio experimental high school, the Bureau of Public Schools in its Memorandum No. 86, issued on August 1, 1966, states as follows: 1. The tuition fee to be charged should not be less than â‚ ±80.00 a year. 2. 50% of the 10% real estate tax proceeds allotted to barrios in accordance with the revised Barrio Charter should be set aside and used solely for the improvement of instruction in the barrio high schools. No amount accruing from this fund should be spent for salaries of teachers and other school personnel. 3. All feeder barrios should share the expenses for the improvement of instruction, the share of each to be proportionate to the number of students from the feeder barrios attending barrio high school. 4. All resolutions of the barrio councils regarding the funding of barrio high schools should be approved by the Municipal Council concerned. Support of Public Schools in Chartered Cities 1. Tuition fees and city funds   2. National Government allots lump sums as aid to cities for their educational needs. 3. National aid for salary adjustments of teachers and other secondary school personnel. The law was amended by R.A. No. 4128so as to include all city high schools except Manila and Quezon City. Support of Vocational Schools Vocational schools usually come under two categories – the provincial trade school and the provincial agricultural school. The source of income comes from the national contribution, tuition and other fees and income from school products. The so – called rural high schools which are agricultural in nature are jointly supported by the provinces and municipalities and the National Government. Support of Normal Schools Regional normal schools are also national like the vocational schools. There are still seven regional normal schools located in strategic places in the country serving the needs of the students in the surrounding places. Sources of income of these schools are national contribution and tuition fees. The city or municipality where they are located may also appropriate funds for the normal training department. Support of Special Schools The Philippine Nautical School located in Pasay is supported entirely by the National Government which offers courses for employment as merchant marine officers. The School for the Deaf and Blind under the Bureau of Public Schools is supported by the government with occasionally aid from the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes. Support of Chartered Government Colleges and Universities The support of chartered government institutions like University of the Philippines comes from the tuition and matriculation fees of students and comes from national funds appropriately annually by Congress. Special aids for the construction, repair and improvement of the buildings are given in special legislation or taken from the pork barrel fund. The tendency of the request by these institutions is to increase every year. Thus, the burden of the National Treasury for the support of these schools keeps on increasing. Other Agencies in helping the Financing of Public Schools A number of foreign agencies give some material aid to the schools aside from the National Government. Among these agencies are the following: * AID – NEC – provided in 1966 appropriations for buildings including the constructions of dormitories and also for typewriters, mimeographing machines and professional books for the Bureau of Public Schools. * UNICEF – gave aid in kind such as educational kits, globes, tape recorders, laboratory equipments and vehicles. * The American Foundation for Overseas Blind – donated Braille type writers, paper headsets, etc. * The Pilot Applied Nutrition Project (Bayaribang) – is a joint venture of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These entities gave help in the form of technical services, training stipends, vehicles for supervision and various types of supplies and equipments for kitchen, laboratory and agricultural uses. * The Agency for International Development (AID), National Economic Council (NEC), and the Bureau of Public Schools (BPS) – jointly undertook a textbook production project which started on July 1, 1960 and terminated on June 30, 1965 to help solve the problem of lack of textbooks. The project was expected to print and distribute around 25 million of copies of textbooks within a 5-year period at an estimated cost about â‚ ±59.5 million. Support for Private Schools All private schools, colleges and universities derive their income mostly from tuition fees and miscellaneous fees from students. There is no law prescribing the maximum rate of tuition fees so there is no uniformity and limit in the tuition fees being charged by private schools. Quality schools with good standards among the religious institutions charge relatively higher rates than the ordinary schools. Some of the religious schools are partly supported from their properties. Some non-sectarian schools operating specially for profit charged comparatively lower tuition fees and even permit their students to pay on easy instalments to attract as many students as possible.